Efficient enzymatic synthesis of ampicillin using mutant Penicillin G acylase with bio-based solvent glycerol

To fulfill the industry demand of ampicillin enzymatic synthesis, immobilized mutant Penicillin G acylase and bio-based solvent glycerol were employed at high substrate concentration and low acyl donor/nucleophile ratio. After process optimization, good yield and low operation costs were achieved.     

A viewpoint on the gastrointestinal fate of cellulose nanocrystals

BackgroundCellulose nanocrystalline (CNC) particles possess unique functional properties such as vastly modifiable surface, considerable mechanical strength and acid resistance, as well as, high aspect ratio. CNCs have received great attention for application in diverse fields of technology including (composite) hydrogels fabrication for the gastric protection and enteral delivery of drugs and nutraceuticals.Scope and approachThe orogastrointestinal digestibility and absorbability of the orally administered CNCs is overviewed in the current article. At first, some surface charge-related characteristics of acid-isolated CNCs are communicated. Then, the biocompatibility and biodegradability of CNCs and CNC-reinforced hydrogels are reviewed, followed by presenting credible digestion and absorption scenarios. Finally, the post-absorption metabolism of CNCs is briefly debated.Key findings and conclusionsBacterial cellulose shows good biocompatibility and hemocompatibility. CNC oxidation provides biologically beneficial impacts; for instance, the TEMPO- and periodate-oxidized CNCs have been shown to regulate some blood metabolic variables and improve the degradability in simulated human blood plasma, respectively. Spherical and carboxyl-bearing cellulose nanoparticles can be isolated through ammonium persulfate digestion. The sphericity of particles results in faster cellular uptake. Negatively-charged CNCs are non-mucoadhesive and thus upon ingestion can penetrate into the buccal and intestinal mucosa. One may augment the absorption of CNCs by targeted receptor-mediated endocytosis. It was postulated that sodium bicarbonate secretion into the duodenum can alter CNCs surface chemistry and influence CNC interaction with gut microbiota.     

Effect of acid hydrolysis in the presence of anhydrous alcohols on the structure,thermal and pasting properties of normal,waxy and high‐amylose maize starches

Maize starches with different amylose contents (0%, 23% and 55%) were treated in anhydrous methanol, ethanol, 2‐propanol, 1‐butanol with 0.36% HCl at 25 °C for 5 days. Results showed that the extent of change in physicochemical properties increased from methanol to butanol. Treated waxy maize starch showed higher than 65% solubility at above 75 °C. The diffraction peak at 2θ = 5.3° of amylomaize V starch disappeared after treatment in ethanol, 2‐propanol and 1‐butanol. Acid–alcohol treatment decreased the gelatinisation temperature of normal (from 64.5 to 61.9 °C) and waxy maize (from 68.1 to 61.1 °C) starches, while it increased that of amylomaize V (from 68.7 to 72.3 °C) starch. The extent of the decrease in the pasting viscosity followed the following order: amylomaize V < normal maize < waxy maize. This study indicated that acid–alcohol treatment degraded preferentially the amorphous regions and the different changes depended on the crystal structure and amylose content of starch.     

关于有效解决多组分沉积物问题的研究

纸厂中的沉积物通常含有多种组分,其主要来源于机械浆、回用纤维、涂布损纸以及过程添加剂等多种原料.通常这些沉积物中某一组分可作为沉积作用的主要引发剂,同时也可作为其他原料之间的粘合剂,因此对这种引发剂进行鉴定和处理对减少胶粘物的沉积具有重要意义.另一方面,在胶粘物沉积现象严重的过程中,其还可以帮助有效地鉴别二次胶粘物.然而,要准确鉴别这种引发剂还有一定的难度.作者对纸厂胶粘物的沉积、浆料、沉积机理以及沉积物本身的组成等进行了研究,以期建立一种可靠的方法,有效地鉴别目前以及将来引发沉积物沉积的引发剂.     

造纸法烟草薄片废水混凝预处理研究

以聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚合硫酸铁(PFS)为混凝剂,4种不同类型的聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)为助凝剂,对造纸法烟草薄片废水进行混凝处理,分别考察了 pH值、混凝剂用量、助凝剂用量对混凝效果的影响.结果表明,PAC与PFS对COD、氨氮和悬浮物(SS)去除率效果相当,但PAC的脱色效果更佳.相对分子质量700万、离子化度为15％的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(PAM4)与PAC的复配体系具有最佳的混凝效果,在pH值为6 5、PAC用量为500mg/L、PAM4用量为5mg/L的优化工艺条件下,COD、氨氮、色度和SS去除率分别为70.8％、84.8％、72.3％和98.5％.废水的铝含量分析表明,该体系非但没有产生残留铝,而目大幅去除了原水中的铝.处理后废水的紫外吸收光谱表明,有机物含量降低.     

纳米TiO2胶体与改性淀粉双元体系的助留助滤效果

利用动态滤水(DDJ)实验,通过细小纤维单程留着率和滤水时间对纳米TiO2胶体与改性淀粉双元体系的助留助滤效果进行考察。研究该双元体系复配对纸张强度的影响及对白水循环中溶解和胶体物质(DCS)的除去与控制。结果表明,与阳离子淀粉(CS)相比,两性淀粉(AmS)与纳米TiO2双元体系有更好的协同作用,当淀粉用量不同、纳米TiO2用量约为0.4%时,细小组分单程留着率可增加5～12个百分点;纳米TiO2对AmS有正面的影响;AmS与纳米TiO2胶体复配对DCS的去除效果明显。     

硅系合成革离型纸的研究

优选出耐热性较好的3种丙烯酸类乳液作为底涂主剂,水性有机硅树脂作为离型剂,并通过混合正交实验探讨了离型层配比、底涂主剂、底涂压光压力及离型层涂布量对离型纸首次剥离强度和可重复使用次数的影响大小,由此确定了达到最佳离型性能,即首次剥离强度为8.7×10-2 kN/m,可重复使用次数为35次的相应涂层工艺条件是:底涂主剂采用的丙烯酸类乳液,其Tg为6℃、涂4-杯黏度20 s时原液固含量为45.0%、原液黏度为300 mPa.s。底涂压光压力为8 MPa,离型层涂布量为1～2 g/m2,离型层配比为4∶1,在该工艺条件下自制硅系合成革离型纸,其耐溶剂性与进口纸相当或更优。     

造纸法烟草薄片废水深度处理研究

采用单独混凝法、单独Fenton氧化法及混凝联合Fenton法对生化处理后造纸法烟草薄片废水进行深度处理,筛选出了最佳实验条件。实验发现,采用单独混凝法和单独Fenton氧化法处理废水,其处理结果并不能满足GB9878—1996污水综合排放标准的排放要求。而采用混凝联合Fenton法处理,出水CODCr和色度分别为81 mg/L、49.2 C.U.,达到排放标准,其最优处理条件为:混凝反应初始pH值为8,混凝剂PAC用量为1.35 g/L,助凝剂PAM用量为3.6 mg/L;Fenton反应初始pH值为3,H2O2用量为15 mmol/L,FeSO4用量为7.5 mmol/L。     

球磨法制备超微细蒽醌及其表征

介绍了超微细蒽醌制备方法和表征手段。该法首先是利用球磨机将商品蒽醌球磨成细小蒽醌;然后,在十二烷基苯磺酸钠的作用下使制得的蒽醌颗粒悬浮液通过物理沉降,将较大颗粒的蒽醌分离,从而获得了超微细蒽醌的悬浮液;最后分别用可见分光光度计及马尔文粒度分析仪对超微细蒽醌悬浮液中蒽醌含量及粒度分布进行测定与表征。结果表明,用本实验的球磨机制备超微细蒽醌的适宜条件为:球磨时间12 h、十二烷基苯磺酸钠用量10%。对超微细蒽醌悬浮液中蒽醌含量及粒度分布进行测定时应充分搅拌后将悬浮液静置30 min时取样为宜。本方法可制备含量高、粒径小、粒度分布均一的超微细蒽醌悬浮液。